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FMS 825 Research Methodology

Course Exam Sep/2021

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  • Question 1 The following are responses of individuals in a sample regarding the link between COVID-19 lockdown and job opportunities in Nigeria:
  • Question 2 (a) A very critical stage in the research process is topic selection, and certain factors exist to make the process of topic selection less strenuous to students. Precisely identify and explain those factors.
  • (b) What is a research hypothesis and where can it be derived?
  • Question 3: Provide a succinct distinction of each of the following paired words. Provide relevant examples in each case: (a) Parametric and Non-Parametric Hypotheses (b) Probability and Non-Probability Sampling (c) Test of Independence and test of Homogeneity (d) Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis
  • Question 4 Identify and explain the major elements and types of research design.
  • Question 5 (a) Differentiate between probability and non-probability sampling techniques, giving at least three examples of each.
  • (b) Consider a population of size N = 680, with a sampling error of 5 percent. Using the Taro Yameni’s sample size determination technique, you are required to estimate the sample from this finite population.
Sample content.
Question 5 (a) Differentiate between probability and non-probability sampling techniques, giving at least three examples of each.

Probability sampling and non-probability sampling are two different approaches used in selecting samples for research studies.


Probability Sampling:

Probability sampling is a type of sampling in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study. The key characteristic of probability sampling is that it involves random selection. Probability sampling techniques are considered to be more rigorous and reliable because they reduce the possibility of bias and provide a representative sample of the population.


Examples of probability sampling techniques include:

  1. Simple random sampling: In this technique, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study. A random number generator or a table of random numbers can be used to ensure randomness.
  2. Stratified random sampling: In this technique, the population is divided into subgroups or strata based on a specific characteristic, such as age or gender. Samples are then randomly selected from each stratum.
  3. Cluster sampling: In this technique, the population is divided into clusters, and a random sample of clusters is selected. All members within the selected clusters are then included in the study.


Non-Probability Sampling:

Non-probability sampling is a type of sampling in which the selection of participants is based on non-random criteria. This type of sampling is more convenient and less time-consuming than probability sampling, but it is also more prone to bias.


Examples of non-probability sampling techniques include:


  1. Convenience sampling: In this technique, participants are selected based on their availability or proximity to the researcher. This method is commonly used in pilot studies or exploratory research.
  2. Quota sampling: In this technique, the researcher selects participants based on specific criteria, such as age or gender, to ensure that the sample is representative of the population. However, the selection process is not random.
  3. Purposive sampling: In this technique, participants are selected based on specific characteristics that are relevant to the research question, such as experience or expertise. This method is commonly used in qualitative research or in studies with a small sample size.
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